Apparatus and methods for delivery of prosthetic mitral valve

ABSTRACT

A method for delivery and deployment of a prosthetic mitral valve into a heart includes inserting an introducer sheath having a prosthetic mitral valve disposed therein in a collapsed configuration into the left atrium of a patient&#39;s heart, through a gap between the native mitral valve leaflets, the left ventricle and apex of the heart. An epicardial pad device coupled to the prosthetic valve via a tether is moved distally out of the sheath. The introducer sheath is withdrawn into the left atrium of the heart. An inner delivery sheath is extended distally from within the introducer sheath and disposed within the left atrium. The prosthetic mitral valve is moved distally out of the inner delivery sheath and assumes a biased expanded configuration. The valve is positioned within the mitral annulus of the heart, and secured in place via the tether and epicardial pad device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/265,221, filed Sep. 14, 2016, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/220,704, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Transatrial Delivery of Prosthetic Mitral Valve,” filed Sep. 18, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/305,678, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Delivery of Prosthetic Mitral Valve,” filed Mar. 9, 2016, the disclosures of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein.

This application is also related to International Application No. PCT/US2015/014572, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Transfemoral Delivery of Prosthetic Mitral Valve,” filed Feb. 5, 2015, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/935,899, entitled “Transfemoral Delivery of Prosthetic Mitral Valve,” filed Feb. 5, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/100,548, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Transfemoral Delivery of Prosthetic Mitral Valve,” filed Jan. 7, 2015, each of the disclosures of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Embodiments are described herein that relate to devices and methods for use in the delivery and deployment of prosthetic valves, and particularly to devices and methods for delivering expandable prosthetic mitral valves.

Prosthetic heart valves can pose particular challenges for delivery and deployment within a heart. Valvular heart disease, and specifically, aortic and mitral valve disease is a significant health issue in the United States (US); annually approximately 90,000 valve replacements are conducted in the US. Traditional valve replacement surgery involving the orthotopic replacement of a heart valve is considered an “open heart” surgical procedure. Briefly, the procedure necessitates surgical opening of the thorax, the initiation of extra-corporeal circulation with a heart-lung machine, stopping and opening the heart, excision and replacement of the diseased valve, and re-starting of the heart. While valve replacement surgery typically carries a 1-4% mortality risk in otherwise healthy persons, a significantly higher morbidity is associated to the procedure largely due to the necessity for extra-corporeal circulation. Further, open heart surgery is often poorly tolerated in elderly patients. Thus, elimination of the extra-corporeal component of the procedure could result in reduction in morbidities and cost of valve replacement therapies could be significantly reduced.

While replacement of the aortic valve in a transcatheter manner is the subject of intense investigation, lesser attention has been focused on the mitral valve. This is in part reflective of the greater level of complexity associated to the native mitral valve apparatus, and thus, a greater level of difficulty with regards to inserting and anchoring the replacement prosthesis. A need exists for delivery devices and methods for transcatheter mitral valve replacements.

SUMMARY

Apparatus and methods are described herein for use in the delivery and deployment of a prosthetic mitral valve into a heart. As described herein, in some embodiments, a method includes delivering and deploying a prosthetic mitral valve via a transatrial approach or a transjugular approach. In either approach, an outer frame of a prosthetic mitral valve can have a biased expanded configuration and be inverted relative to an inner frame of the prosthetic mitral valve prior to delivery.

After inverting the outer frame, the prosthetic mitral valve is inserted into a lumen of an inner delivery sheath such that the mitral valve is moved to a collapsed configuration. The inner delivery sheath is moveably disposed within an introducer sheath and the introducer sheath can be inserted into an opening in a wall of the left atrium of a patient's heart in a transatrial approach, or through the jugular vein in a transjugular approach and through the atrial septum and into the left atrium of the patient. The introducer sheath can be moved between the native mitral valve leaflets (i.e., the mitral valve gap) and through the ventricle and apex of the heart of the patient until a distal end portion of the introducer sheath is disposed outside of and adjacent to the apex of the heart. An epicardial pad device is moved distally out of the introducer sheath and disposed outside of and adjacent to the apex of the heart. The introducer sheath is withdrawn proximally back through the left ventricle, mitral valve gap and a distal end is disposed within the left atrium of the heart. The inner delivery sheath is extended distally relative to the introducer sheath and within the atrium of the heart. The prosthetic mitral valve is then moved distally out of the inner delivery sheath such that the inverted outer frame reverts and the prosthetic mitral valve assumes its biased expanded configuration. The prosthetic mitral valve is then positioned within the native mitral annulus of the heart, and tensioned and secured in place via a tether coupled to the epicardial pad device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1-6 are each a cross-sectional illustration of a heart with devices used during various stages in a procedure to transatrially deliver and deploy a prosthetic mitral valve, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 7-9 are each a cross-sectional illustration of a heart with devices used during various stages in a procedure to transatrially deliver and deploy a prosthetic mitral valve, according to another embodiment.

FIGS. 10-12 are front, bottom, and top views of a prosthetic heart valve according to an embodiment.

FIG. 13 is an opened and flattened view of the inner frame of the prosthetic heart valve of FIGS. 10-12, in an unexpanded configuration.

FIGS. 14 and 15 are side and bottom views, respectively, of the inner frame of FIG. 13 in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 16 is an opened and flattened view of the outer frame of the valve of FIGS. 10-12, in an unexpanded configuration.

FIGS. 17 and 18 are side and top views, respectively, of the outer frame of FIG. 16 in an expanded configuration.

FIGS. 19-21 are side, front, and top views of an assembly of the inner frame of FIGS. 13-15 and the outer frame of FIGS. 16-18.

FIG. 22 is a side perspective view of the assembly of the inner frame of FIGS. 13-15 and the outer frame of FIGS. 16-18 shown in a biased expanded configuration.

FIG. 23 is a side perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 19 with the outer frame shown inverted.

FIG. 24 is side view of the assembly of FIG. 23 shown in a collapsed configuration within a lumen of a delivery sheath.

FIG. 25 is a side view of the assembly of FIG. 24 shown in a first partially deployed configuration.

FIG. 26 is a side view of the assembly of FIG. 24 shown in a second partially deployed configuration.

FIG. 27 is a side view of the assembly of FIG. 24 shown in a third partially deployed configuration in which the inverted outer frame is substantially deployed outside of the delivery sheath.

FIG. 28 is a side view of the assembly of FIG. 24 shown in a fourth partially deployed configuration in which the outer frame has reverted and assumed a biased expanded configuration.

FIG. 29 is a side view of a prosthetic mitral valve in a collapsed configuration within a lumen of a portion of a delivery sheath and a balloon dilator device coupled to the delivery sheath.

FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional illustration of a heart with a portion of a delivery sheath shown after deploying a prosthetic mitral valve with the assistance of a wire assist structure, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the wire assist structure of FIG. 30 coupled to a portion of a prosthetic mitral valve, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 32 is a perspective view of an assist member coupled to a portion of a prosthetic mitral valve, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 33 is a flowchart illustrating a method of delivering a prosthetic mitral valve transatrially, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 34 is a side view of a portion of an epicardial pad device, according to an embodiment, and shown in a collapsed configuration within a delivery sheath.

FIG. 35 is a side perspective view of the epicardial pad device of FIG. 34 shown in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 36 is a side perspective view of a portion of a heart illustrating purse-string sutures at an apex of the heart prior to securing an epicardial pad device thereto.

FIG. 37 is a side perspective view of the epicardial pad device of FIG. 34 shown in the expanded configuration.

FIG. 38 is a bottom perspective view of a portion of a heart illustrating the epicardial pad device of FIG. 34 secured thereto.

FIG. 39 is an enlarged side perspective view and FIG. 40 is an enlarged bottom view of a portion A in FIG. 38 illustrating an integrated locking mechanism.

FIG. 41 is a side view of an epicardial pad device, according to another embodiment, and shown in a collapsed configuration.

FIG. 42 is a side perspective view of the epicardial pad device of FIG. 41 shown in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 43 is a side view of the epicardial device of FIG. 41 shown in the expanded configuration and being deployed near an apex of a heart.

FIG. 44 is a side view of an epicardial pad device, according to another embodiment, and shown in an expanded configuration being deployed near a heart.

FIG. 45 is a side view of the epicardial pad device of FIG. 44 shown in a collapsed configuration and deployed on the apex of the heart.

FIGS. 46 and 47 are each a side view of an epicardial pad device, according to another embodiment, and shown being deployed on an apex of a heart.

FIG. 48 is a bottom view of a heart with the epicardial pad of FIGS. 46 and 47 secured to the apex of the heart.

FIG. 49 is a front view of a portion of a patient's body illustrating an example location for a mini-thoracotomy.

FIGS. 50-55 are each a cross-sectional illustration of a heart with devices used during various stages in a procedure to transjugularly deliver and deploy a prosthetic mitral valve, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 56-58 are each a cross-sectional illustration of a heart with devices used during various stages in a procedure to transjugularly deliver and deploy a prosthetic mitral valve, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 59 is a front view of a portion of a patient's body illustrating a stage of a transjugular delivery of a prosthetic mitral valve.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Apparatus and methods are described herein for use in the delivery and deployment of a prosthetic mitral valve into a heart. As described herein, in some embodiments, a method includes delivering a prosthetic mitral valve into a heart via a transatrial approach, and in some embodiments a method includes delivering a prosthetic mitral valve into a heart via a transjugular approach. In either approach, an outer frame of a prosthetic mitral valve can have a biased expanded configuration and be inverted relative to an inner frame of the prosthetic mitral valve prior to delivery. After inverting the outer frame, the prosthetic mitral valve is inserted into a lumen of an inner delivery sheath such that the mitral valve is moved to a collapsed configuration. The inner delivery sheath is moveably disposed within an introducer sheath and the introducer sheath can be inserted into an opening in a wall of the left atrium of a patient's heart in a transatrial approach, or through the jugular vein in a transjugular approach and through the atrial septum and into the left atrium of the patient. The introducer sheath can be moved between the native mitral valve leaflets (i.e., the mitral valve gap) and through the ventricle and apex of the heart of the patient until a distal end portion of the introducer sheath is disposed outside of and adjacent to the apex of the heart. An epicardial pad device is moved distally out of the introducer sheath and disposed outside of and adjacent to the apex of the heart. The introducer sheath is withdrawn proximally back through the left ventricle, mitral valve gap and a distal end is disposed within the left atrium of the heart. The inner delivery sheath is extended distally relative to the introducer sheath and within the atrium of the heart. The prosthetic mitral valve is then moved distally out of the inner delivery sheath such that the inverted outer frame reverts and the prosthetic mitral valve assumes its biased expanded configuration. The prosthetic mitral valve is then positioned within a mitral annulus of the heart, and tensioned and secured in place using a tether coupled to the epicardial pad device.

Transatrial delivery of the prosthetic mitral valve, and associated components (e.g., epicardial pad and tether), is a desirable delivery approach in many instances. Transatrial delivery, as described below with respect to FIGS. 1-6, for example, can be accomplished using only a single incision (i.e., a single access point) in the patient's body. Limiting the number of body incisions, in this manner, provides for a safer, more repeatable procedure with expedited recovery, while limiting complications and infections during the procedure and recovery of the patient.

Transjugular delivery of the prosthetic mitral valve, and associated components (e.g., epicardial pad and tether), is also a desirable delivery approach in many instances. Transjugular delivery, as described below with respect to FIGS. 50-55, for example, can be accomplished using only a single incision (i.e., a single access point) in the patient's body. Limiting the number of body incisions, in this manner, provides for a safer, more repeatable procedure with expedited recovery, while limiting complications and infections during the procedure and recovery of the patient.

FIGS. 1-6 illustrate a method of delivering a prosthetic mitral valve 200 (shown in FIGS. 3-6) to a left atrium LA of a heart H, e.g., via introduction through a mini-thoracotomy (see FIG. 49). As shown in FIG. 1, a distal end portion of an introducer sheath 226 is inserted through a trans-atrial puncture in an atrial wall Aw of the heart H, extended into the left atrium LA, through a mitral valve gap and into the left ventricle LV, and then through a trans-apical puncture through the ventricular wall at the apex Ap of the heart H. A dilator 235 and a guidewire 234 are moveably disposed within a lumen of the introducer sheath 226 and are used to aid in the insertion and maneuvering of the introducer sheath 226 described above. For example, during delivery of the introducer sheath 226 from the atrial access site through the apex Ap of the heart H, the dilator 235 can extend distally from the distal end portion of the introducer sheath 226 and aid in creating space (e.g., by dilating nearby tissue) through which the introducer sheath 226 can maneuver. The guidewire 234 can be used to guide the introducer sheath 226 along a desired path (i.e., from the atrium to the ventricle and through the apex AP). The prosthetic mitral valve 200 (also referred to herein as “valve”) is coupled to or disposed about a tether 236 (see e.g., FIG. 4), and an end portion of the tether 236 is coupled to an epicardial pad device 239, each of which is movably disposed within an inner delivery sheath 264 (see e.g., FIG. 3) which can be movably disposed within the introducer sheath 226 during delivery of the introducer sheath 226.

After the introducer sheath 226 has been extended through the atrial puncture site Aps and the apex Ap of the heart H, the dilator 235 and the guidewire 234 can be pulled or otherwise withdrawn proximally through a proximal end portion of the lumen of the introducer sheath 226, and a pusher device (not shown) can be used to deliver and/or deploy the epicardial pad device 239. The epicardial pad device 239 can be used to secure the tether 236 and the valve 200 in position within the mitral annulus, as described further herein with respect to FIG. 6.

The epicardial pad device 239 can be delivered and/or deployed by pushing with the pusher device (not shown) such that the epicardial pad device 239 and a portion of the tether 236 exit both the distal end portion of the inner delivery sheath 264 (shown in FIG. 3) and the distal end of the introducer sheath 226 and such that the epicardial pad device 239 is disposed outside the heart H, as shown in FIG. 2. For example, an epicardial pad device as described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US14/49218 (“the '218 PCT application”), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be used. In some embodiments, an expandable epicardial pad can be used to secure the tether and valve in position. Example embodiments of expandable pads that can be used are described herein with reference to FIGS. 34-48. Such an epicardial pad can be smaller in size such that the pad can be delivered to the heart via a small incision and small catheter or delivery sheath (e.g., the same as or similar to the inner delivery sheath 264, or the same as or similar to the introducer sheath 226). In some embodiments, a positioning device can be used to help position the valve and deploy the epicardial pad device. For example, a positioning device as described in the '218 PCT application incorporated by reference above, or devices described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US14/61046, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be used. In some embodiments, rather than securing the prosthetic mitral valve with a tether and epicardial pad, the prosthetic mitral valve can be secured with clips or other coupling methods to a portion(s) of the mitral valve apparatus and/or to the ventricular wall of the heart. For example, such coupling methods are described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US14/58826 (“the '826 PCT application”), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

After the epicardial pad device 239 is disposed outside the heart, as shown in FIG. 2, the introducer sheath 226 can be withdrawn proximally relative to the inner delivery sheath 264 through the atrial puncture site Aps and outside the heart H. During removal from the heart H of the introducer sheath 226, the inner delivery sheath 264 (with the valve 200 disposed therein) remains in the heart to aid in delivery and deployment of the valve 200.

The valve 200 can be formed with a shape-memory material (as described in more detail below) and can have a biased undeformed shape and can be manipulated and/or deformed (e.g., compressed and/or expanded) and, when released, return to its original undeformed shape. For example, the valve 200 can be in a collapsed or deformed configuration when disposed within the lumen of the inner delivery sheath 264, and can be moved to its biased, expanded or undeformed configuration when delivered from the inner delivery sheath 264 and deployed within the heart H. The valve 200 can be, for example, constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to any of the valves described herein (e.g., the valve 500) or in PCT International Application No. PCT/US2015/014572 (referred to herein as “the '572 PCT Application), U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/137,384 (referred to herein as “the '384 Application), and/or U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/187,896 (referred to herein as “the '896 Application), the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In some embodiments, actuator wires (not shown) can be used to selectively (e.g., by an operator) assist and/or control expansion, deployment and/or articulation of the valve 200 as the valve 200 is delivered to the heart. For example, actuator wires as described in the '384 Application and/or the '896 Application, both incorporated by reference above, can be used.

To deliver and deploy the valve 200, a pusher device (not shown) movably disposed within the inner delivery sheath 264 can push the valve 200 out of the distal end of the inner delivery sheath 264 and within the left atrium of the heart H, as shown in FIG. 3. Optionally, the inner delivery sheath 264 can also be pulled proximally as the pusher moves the valve 200 distally. As the valve 200 exits the inner delivery sheath 264, the valve 200 can assume its biased expanded or deployed configuration within the left atrium LA. With the valve 200 movably coupled to the tether 236, the pusher can be used to push or move the valve 200 relative to the tether 236 to position the valve 200 within the mitral annulus. Simultaneously, the tether 236 is pulled proximally such that the epicardial pad device 239 is pulled proximally and into contact with the apex Ap of the heart H, and the portion of the tether 236 disposed between the epicardial pad device 239 and the valve 200 is pulled taut. The tether 236 in a taut configuration can aid in movement of the valve 200 as the valve 200 is moved relative to the tether 236 and positioned within the mitral annulus. In some embodiments, the pusher device can also be used to aid in positioning the valve 200 in a desired radial orientation within the left atrium LA. For example, the pusher device can define an internal lumen (not shown) that can be placed over an inner frame portion of the valve 200 to hold the inner frame portion in a small diameter, which can help enable the valve 200 to be positioned in a desired radial orientation and be seated within the annulus of the mitral valve. Further examples of such a valve assist device are described below with reference to FIGS. 30-32.

As shown by progression in FIGS. 5 and 6, and as described above, as the valve 200 is deployed within the left atrium LA of the heart H, the valve 200 is allowed to assume its biased expanded or deployed configuration. The inner delivery sheath 264 can be removed from the patient and the valve 200 can be positioned, secured or locked, and tensioned in a desired position within the mitral annulus. For example, as described above, the valve 200 can be moved relative to the tether 236 to obtain the desired or optimal location in the native mitral annulus and minimize perivalvular leaks, and the tether 236 can be pulled taut. Once the valve 200 is disposed in a desirable position and the tether 236 is desirably tensioned, the valve 200 can be secured or locked relative to the tether 236. The valve 200 can be secured or locked to the tether 236 in any suitable manner such that the valve 200 is prevented from moving or translating about or along the tether 236 during normal heart functioning conditions (e.g., during systole and/or diastole).

For example, a locking mechanism (not shown) can be used to secure the tether 236 to the valve 200. In some embodiments, for example, a locking mechanism can be coupled to or included with the valve 200 and can include a tether attachment member (not shown) that defines at least a portion of a tether passageway (not shown) through which a portion of the tether 236 can be received therethrough. The tether attachment member can further define a locking pin channel that intersects the tether passageway. A locking pin (not shown) is disposable within the locking pin channel and movable between a first position in which the locking pin is at a spaced distance from the tether passageway, and a second position in which the locking pin intersects the tether passageway and can engage the portion of the tether 236 disposed therein to secure the tether to the tether attachment member. In some embodiments, the tether attachment member and the valve 200 can be monolithically constructed, while in other embodiments the tether attachment member and the valve 200 can be formed separately and coupled together. In such embodiments, in some instances, the tether attachment member can be coupled to the valve and then delivered to and deployed within the heart H, while in other instances, the tether attachment member and the valve 200 can be delivered to the heart H together, and can then engage one another to secure or lock the valve to the tether 236. In such instances, the tether attachment member can be configured to be disposed about the tether 236 such that it can translate or move along the tether 236 and be moved into engagement with the valve 200 when the valve is in a desired position and configuration. In some embodiments, a tool (not shown) separate from the locking mechanism can be used to deploy or otherwise cause the locking mechanism to engage the valve 200 and/or the tether 236 for securement. In some instances, the tool can be disposed about the tether 236 and translate or move along the tether 236.

After the valve 200 is deployed, proper tension is achieved between the valve 200 and the epicardial pad device 239, and the valve 200 is secured or locked in position relative to the tether 236, an excess portion (i.e., a proximal portion) of the tether 236 can be cut or otherwise removed from the heart H. As shown in FIG. 5, a tether cutting tool 231 can be used to cut the proximal portion of the tether 236 for removal of the proximal portion from the left atrium LA of the heart H. In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool 231 can define an inner lumen therebetween configured to receive at least a portion of the tether 236 (e.g., the proximal portion of the tether 236). In this manner, the tether cutting tool can be disposed about and translate along the tether 236 until it reaches a desirable position to cut the tether 236. The tether cutting tool 231 can be configured to remove from the heart H the portion of the tether 236 that it cut. Upon cutting and removal of a portion of the tether 236, the valve 200, secured to the tether 236 and the epicardial pad device 239 (disposed outside the heart) as shown in FIG. 6, can remain within and function within the heart H (e.g. to limit or prevent mitral valve regurgitation, as discussed further herein). In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool 231 can, in addition to being configured to cut a portion of the tether 236, be configured to deliver and/or deploy the locking mechanism used to secure the valve 200 to the tether 236.

In other embodiments, instead of delivering and deploying an epicardial pad via the introducer sheath through the left atrium, mitral valve gap and ventricle wall, an epicardial pad can be delivered from outside the heart and to the apex of the heart. For example, similar to the procedure described above with respect to the valve 200, a guide wire and introducer sheath can be routed from the left atrium to the left ventricle of the heart and through the ventricle wall to deliver a distal portion of a tether outside the heart near the apex of the heart. The tether can be coupled to a valve (e.g., valve 200) and inserted through an inner delivery sheath movably disposed with the introducer sheath as described above with respect to valve 200 and FIGS. 1-6. An epicardial pad can be delivered via a separate device different than the introducer sheath to near the apex of the heart. The distal free end of the tether can be threaded through and coupled to the epicardial pad. The introducer sheath can be withdrawn, and the valve can be delivered, deployed, tensioned and secured or locked, as discussed above with respect to the valve 200.

In other embodiments, a snare device can be used to grab or snare the tether to move it from a location within the heart (e.g., from an atrium or a ventricle) through a ventricle wall at or near the apex Ap and outside of the heart H. FIGS. 7-9 illustrate another method of transatrially delivering a prosthetic mitral valve 800 to a left atrium LA of a heart H, e.g., via introduction through a mini-thoracotomy. As with the previous embodiment, a distal end portion of an introducer sheath 826 is inserted through a trans-atrial puncture Aps in an atrial wall Aw of the heart H and extended into the left atrium LA of the heart H. The prosthetic mitral valve 800 (also referred to herein as “valve”) is coupled to or disposed about a tether 836, each of which is movably disposed within an inner delivery sheath 864 (see e.g., FIG. 8), which is movably disposed within the introducer sheath 826. As shown in FIG. 7, a distal portion of the tether 836 extends distally from a distal end portion of the lumen of the introducer sheath 826.

A snare device 856, as shown in FIG. 7, can be used to snare or capture the tether 836 within the left ventricle LV of the heart H and pull it out through the ventricular wall at or near the apex Ap of the heart H. A procedure catheter 857 can be used to introduce the snare device 856 into the heart. In use, a distal end of the procedure catheter 857 is inserted through an incision or opening in a ventricular wall of the heart H (e.g., at or near the apex Ap of the heart H) such that the distal end of the procedure catheter 857 is disposed within the left ventricle LV of the heart H. The snare device 856 is moved distally within a lumen of the procedure catheter 857 until a distal end of the snare device 856 is disposed within the left ventricle LV (or within the left atrium if necessary to capture the tether 836). The distal portion of the tether 836 extending from the distal end portion of the lumen of the introducer sheath 826 and the distal portion of the valve 800, disposed within the heart H (e.g., the left atrium, the left ventricle, or a portion therebetween) is snared with the snare device 856, as shown in FIG. 7. The tether 836 is pulled with the snare device 856 through the lumen of the procedure catheter 857 such that the distal end of the tether 836 is pulled out the proximal end of the procedure catheter 857 outside of the heart H. Said another way, a distal end of the tether 836 is threaded through a distal opening defined by the procedure catheter 857, through the lumen defined by the procedure catheter 857 and out a proximal opening defined by the procedure catheter 857. The procedure catheter 857 is removed, leaving the distal portion of the tether 836 extending through the incision in the ventricular wall and outside the heart H, as shown in FIG. 8.

The valve 800 can be formed with a shape-memory material (as described in more detail herein) and can have a biased undeformed shape and can be manipulated and/or deformed (e.g., compressed and/or expanded) and, when released, return to its original undeformed shape. For example, the valve 800 can be in a collapsed or deformed configuration when disposed within the lumen of the delivery sheath 864, and can be moved to its biased, expanded or undeformed configuration when delivered from the delivery sheath 864 and deployed within the heart H. The valve 800 can be, for example, constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to any of the valves described herein (e.g., the valve 200, the valve 500) or in the '572 PCT Application, the '384 Application, and/or the '896 Application, incorporated herein by reference above. In some embodiments, actuator wires (not shown) can be used to selectively (e.g., by an operator) assist and/or control expansion, deployment and/or articulation of the valve 800 as the valve 800 is delivered to the heart H. For example, actuator wires as described in the '384 Application and/or the '896 Application, both incorporated by reference above, can be used.

To deliver and deploy the valve 800, the delivery sheath 864 can be pulled proximally towards and through the atrial puncture site Aps such that the valve 800, which remains coupled or disposed about the tether 836, exits the distal end portion of the delivery sheath 864 (as shown by progression in FIGS. 8 and 9) and remains in the left atrium LA of the heart H, as shown in FIG. 9. As the valve 800 is deployed within the left atrium LA of the heart H, the valve 800 is allowed to assume its biased expanded or deployed configuration. Alternatively, or additionally, a pusher device (not shown) can be used to push the valve 800 outside of the distal end portion of the delivery sheath 864. In some instances, for example, the pusher device can be used to push the valve 800 while the delivery sheath 864 is pulled and removed from the valve 800. In other words, the valve 800 can be delivered and deployed by pushing the valve 800 with the pusher device, by pulling the inner delivery sheath 864, or both. The tether 836, coupled to the valve 800, can also be used during the deployment of the valve 800. For example, to position the valve 800 within the native mitral annulus, the tether 236 can be pulled proximally after or simultaneously with the pusher device pushing the valve 800 outside the lumen of the delivery sheath 864. The pusher device can also be used to aid in positioning the valve 800 in a desired radial orientation within the left atrium LA. For example, the pusher device can define an internal lumen (not shown) that can be placed over an inner frame portion of the valve 800 to hold the inner frame portion in a small diameter, which can help enable the valve 800 to be positioned in a desired radial orientation and be seated within the annulus of the mitral valve. Further examples of such a valve assist device are described below with reference to FIGS. 30-32.

After the valve 800 is deployed within the left atrium LA, the delivery sheath 864 can be removed from the patient, and the valve 800 can be positioned within the mitral annulus as described above using the tether 836 and/or pusher device. With the valve 800 in a desired position within the mitral annulus, the tension on the tether 836 between the prosthetic mitral valve 800 and the incision at the apex Ap of the heart H can be adjusted and the tether 836 can be secured at the apex Ap on the ventricular wall of the heart H with epicardial pad device 839. For example, with the tether 836 extending outside of the heart, the tether 836 can be threaded through a center opening of the epicardial pad device 839 and through a lumen of an epicardial pad delivery catheter (not shown) (also referred to herein as “pad catheter”) such that the epicardial pad 839 is disposed at a distal end of the pad catheter. An outer delivery device 896 can be laced over the pad delivery catheter to collapse the epicardial pad device 839. The outer delivery catheter 896 (with the epicardial pad 839 and pad catheter disposed therein) can have a relatively small outer diameter such that it can be inserted through a small incision in the skin of a patient. When the distal end of the outer delivery catheter 896 is at a desired location near the apex Ap of the heart H, the epicardial pad device 839 can be moved outside of the outer delivery catheter 896 such that the epicardial pad 839 can assume a biased expanded configuration, as shown in FIG. 9.

To move the epicardial pad device 839 outside of the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 896, the pad catheter can be moved distally within the outer delivery catheter 896 to push the epicardial pad device 839 out of the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 896. In an alternative embodiment, the epicardial pad device 839, rather than using a pad catheter as described above, the tether 836 can be threaded through the outer delivery catheter 896 and the outer delivery catheter 896 can collapse the epicardial pad device 839 within the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 896. The outer delivery catheter 896 be positioned near the apex Ap as described above, and a push rod (not shown) or an inner sheath (not shown) can be used to move the epicardial pad device 839 distally outside of the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 896.

Prior to moving the epicardial pad device 839 into position on the apex Ap of the heart H, conventional purse string sutures (not shown) at the incision through which the tether 836 extends out of the heart H at the apex Ap of the heart H can be closed. The epicardial pad device 839 can then be positioned on the apex Ap of the heart, as shown in FIG. 9.

Although as described above the snare device 856 is introduced into the heart H via the procedure catheter 857, and the epicardial pad device 839 is delivered to the apex Ap of the heart H via the outer delivery catheter 896, in other embodiments, both a snare device and an epicardial pad device can be introduced or delivered via the same catheter, e.g., the procedure catheter 857. In such embodiments, after use of the snaring device to snare the tether and removal from the heart of the snaring device via the procedure catheter, the epicardial pad device and pad catheter described above can be inserted or loaded into the procedure catheter. Similarly, in some embodiments, the distal end of the tether can be threaded through the center opening of the epicardial pad device and through the lumen defined by the procedure catheter (rather than the pad catheter). The epicardial pad device can then be delivered and deployed as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 8 and 9.

Various different types and/or configurations of an epicardial pad device can be used to anchor the prosthetic mitral valve 800 as described above. For example, any of the epicardial anchor devices described herein, in the '218 PCT application incorporated by reference above, and/or in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/212,803, can be used. For example, an epicardial pad device can include a frame member (not shown) and a fabric cover (not shown). The frame member can be formed with, for example, a shape-memory material such as Nitinol® such that the epicardial pad can have a biased expanded configuration, and can be moved to a collapsed configuration. For example, the epicardial pad can be placed within a lumen of a delivery sheath (e.g., pad catheter 896) to move the epicardial pad device to the collapsed configuration. During delivery, the epicardial pad can be moved outside of the delivery sheath, as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 8 and 9, such that the epicardial pad can assume its biased expanded configuration. The fabric cover can be formed with various suitable material(s) such as, for example, polyester, polyethylene or ePTFE.

In an alternative, the valve 800 can be coupled to the tether 836 such that the valve 800 is movable or can translate relative to the tether 836 as described above for valve 200. In such an embodiment, a locking mechanism (not shown) can be used to secure the tether 836 to the valve 800 as described above for valve 200. In such an embodiment, a snare device can be used to pull the tether 836 through the wall of the left ventricle and out of the heart and an epicardial pad can be attached to the tether 836 as described above, however adjustment and securement of the valve would be performed in a similar or same manner as described for valve 200. For example, the valve 800 can be translated relative to the tether 836 to position the valve in the mitral annulus and the locking mechanism can be used to secure the valve 800 to the tether 836 as previously described for valve 200. For example, the locking mechanism can include a tether attachment member (not shown) that defines at least a portion of a tether passageway (not shown) through which a portion of the tether 836 can be received therethrough. The tether attachment member further defines a locking pin channel that intersects the tether passageway. A locking pin (not shown) is disposable within the locking pin channel and movable between a first position in which the locking pin is at a spaced distance from the tether passageway, and a second position in which the locking pin intersects the tether passageway and can engage the portion of the tether 836 disposed therein to secure the tether to the tether attachment member. In some embodiments, the tether attachment member and the valve 800 can be monolithically constructed, while in other embodiments the tether attachment member and the valve 800 can be formed separately and coupled together. In such embodiments, in some instances, the tether attachment member can be coupled to the valve and then delivered to and deployed within the heart H, while in other instances, the tether attachment member and the valve 800 can be delivered to the heart H, and can then engage one another to secure or lock the valve to the tether 836. In such instances, the tether attachment member can be configured to be disposed about the tether 836 such that it can translate or move along the tether 836 and engage with the valve 800 when the valve is in its desirable position and configuration. In some embodiments, a tool (not shown) separate from the locking mechanism can be used to deploy or otherwise cause the locking mechanism to engage the valve 800 and/or the tether 836 for securement. In some instances, the tool can be disposed about the tether 836 and translate or move along the tether 836.

After the valve 800 is deployed, proper tension is achieved between the valve 800 and the epicardial pad device 839, and the valve 800 is secured or locked in position relative to the tether 836, an excess portion (i.e., a proximal portion) of the tether 836 can be cut or otherwise removed from the heart H, similar to as described above with respect to FIG. 5. For example, a tether cutting tool (not shown) can be used to cut the proximal portion of the tether 836 for removal of the proximal portion from the left atrium LA of the heart H. In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool can define an inner lumen therebetween configured to receive at least a portion of the tether 836 (e.g., the proximal portion of the tether 836). In this manner, the tether cutting tool can be disposed about and translate along the tether 836 until it reaches a desirable position to cut the tether 836. The tether cutting tool can be configured to remove from the heart H the portion of the tether 836 that it cut. Upon cutting and removal of a portion of the tether 836, the valve 800, secured to the tether 836 and the epicardial pad device 839 (disposed outside the heart) as shown in FIG. 9, can remain within and function in a desirable fashion within the heart H (e.g. to limit or prevent mitral valve regurgitation, as discussed further herein). In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool can, in addition to be configured to cut a portion of the tether 836, be configured to deliver and/or deploy the locking mechanism.

FIGS. 10-12 illustrate an embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve that can be delivered and deployed within a left atrium of a heart using a transatrial delivery approach as described above. FIGS. 10-12 are front, bottom, and top views, respectively, of a prosthetic heart valve 500 according to an embodiment. Prosthetic heart valve 500 (also referred to herein as “valve”) is designed to replace a damaged or diseased native heart valve such as a mitral valve. Valve 500 includes an outer frame assembly 510 and an inner valve assembly 540 coupled to the outer frame assembly 510.

As shown, outer frame assembly 510 includes an outer frame 520, covered on all or a portion of its outer face with an outer covering 530, and covered on all or a portion of its inner face by an inner covering 532. Outer frame 520 can provide several functions for prosthetic heart valve 500, including serving as the primary structure, as an anchoring mechanism and/or an attachment point for a separate anchoring mechanism to anchor the valve to the native heart valve apparatus, a support to carry inner valve assembly 540, and/or a seal to inhibit paravalvular leakage between prosthetic heart valve 500 and the native heart valve apparatus.

Outer frame 520 is configured to be manipulated and/or deformed (e.g., compressed and/or expanded) and, when released, return to its original (undeformed) shape. To achieve this, outer frame 520 can be formed of materials, such as metals or plastics, that have shape memory properties. With regards to metals, Nitinol® has been found to be especially useful since it can be processed to be austenitic, martensitic or super elastic. Other shape memory alloys, such as Cu—Zn—Al—Ni alloys, and Cu—Al—Ni alloys, may also be used.

As best shown in FIG. 10, outer frame assembly 510 has an upper end (e.g., at the atrium portion 516), a lower end (e.g., at the ventricle portion 512), and a medial portion (e.g., at the annulus portion 514) therebetween. The medial portion of the outer frame assembly 510 has a perimeter that is configured (e.g., sized, shaped) to fit into an annulus of a native atrioventricular valve. The upper end of the outer frame assembly 510 has a perimeter that is larger than the perimeter of the medial portion. In some embodiments, the perimeter of the upper end of the outer frame assembly 510 has a perimeter that is substantially larger than the perimeter of the medial portion. As shown best in FIG. 12, the upper end and the medial portion of the outer frame assembly 510 has a D-shaped cross-section. In this manner, the outer frame assembly 510 promotes a suitable fit into the annulus of the native atrioventricular valve.

Inner valve assembly 540 includes an inner frame 550, an outer covering 560, and leaflets 570. As shown, the inner valve assembly 540 includes an upper portion having a periphery formed with multiple arches. The inner frame 550 includes six axial posts or frame members that support outer covering 560 and leaflets 570. Leaflets 570 are attached along three of the posts, shown as commissure posts 552 (best illustrated in FIG. 11), and outer covering 560 is attached to the other three posts, 554 (best illustrated in FIG. 11), and optionally to commissure posts 552. Each of outer covering 560 and leaflets 570 are formed of approximately rectangular sheets of material, which are joined together at their upper, or atrium end. The lower, ventricle end of outer covering 560 may be joined to inner covering 532 of outer frame assembly 510, and the lower, ventricle end of leaflets 570 may form free edges 575, though coupled to the lower ends of commissure posts 552.

Although inner valve assembly 540 is shown as having three leaflets, in other embodiments, an inner valve assembly can include any suitable number of leaflets. The leaflets 570 are movable between an open configuration and a closed configuration in which the leaflets 570 coapt, or meet in a sealing abutment.

Outer covering 530 of the outer frame assembly 510 and inner covering 532 of outer frame assembly 510, outer covering 560 of the inner valve assembly 540 and leaflets 570 of the inner valve assembly 540 may be formed of any suitable material, or combination of materials, such as those discussed above. In this embodiment, the inner covering 532 of the outer frame assembly 510, the outer covering 560 of the inner valve assembly 540, and the leaflets 570 of the inner valve assembly 540 are formed, at least in part, of porcine pericardium. Moreover, in this embodiment, the outer covering 530 of the outer frame assembly 510 is formed, at least in part, of polyester.

Inner frame 550 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 13-15. Specifically, FIGS. 13-15 show inner frame 550 in an undeformed, initial state (FIG. 13), a side view of the inner frame 550 in a deployed configuration (FIG. 14), and a bottom view of the inner frame 550 in a deployed configuration (FIG. 15), respectively, according to an embodiment.

In this embodiment, inner frame 550 is formed from a laser-cut tube of Nitinol®. Inner frame 550 is illustrated in FIG. 13 in an undeformed, initial state, i.e. as laser-cut, but cut and unrolled into a flat sheet for ease of illustration. Inner frame 550 can be divided into four portions, corresponding to functionally different portions of the inner frame 550 in final form: atrial portion 541, body portion 542, strut portion 543, and tether clamp or connecting portion 544. Strut portion 543 includes six struts, such as strut 543A, which connect body portion 542 to tether clamp portion 544.

Connecting portion 544 includes longitudinal extensions of the struts, connected circumferentially by pairs of opposed, slightly V-shaped connecting members (or “micro-Vs”). Connecting portion 544 is configured to be radially collapsed by application of a compressive force, which causes the micro-Vs to become more deeply V-shaped, with the vertices moving closer together longitudinally and the open ends of the V shapes moving closer together circumferentially. Thus, connecting portion 544 can be configured to compressively clamp or grip one end of a tether, either connecting directly onto a tether line (e.g. braided filament line) or onto an intermediate structure, such as a polymer or metal piece that is in term firmly fixed to the tether line.

In contrast to connecting portion 544, atrial portion 541 and body portion 542 are configured to be expanded radially. Strut portion 543 forms a longitudinal connection, and radial transition, between the expanded body portion and the compressed connecting portion 544.

Body portion 542 includes six longitudinal posts, such as post 542A. The posts can be used to attach leaflets 570 to inner frame 540, and/or can be used to attach inner assembly 540 to outer assembly 510, such as by connecting inner frame 550 to outer frame 520. In the illustrated embodiment, the posts include openings through which connecting members (such as suture filaments and/or wires) can be passed to couple the posts to other structures.

Inner frame 550 is shown in a fully deformed, i.e. the final, deployed configuration, in side view and bottom view in FIGS. 14 and 15, respectively.

Outer frame 520 of valve 500 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 16-18. In this embodiment, outer frame 520 is also formed from a laser-cut tube of Nitinol®. Outer frame 520 is illustrated in FIG. 16 in an undeformed, initial state, i.e. as laser-cut, but cut and unrolled into a flat sheet for ease of illustration. Outer frame 520 can be divided into a coupling portion 571, a body portion 572, and a cuff portion 573, as shown in FIG. 16. Coupling portion 571 includes multiple openings or apertures, such as 571A, by which outer frame 520 can be coupled to inner frame 550, as discussed in more detail below.

Outer frame 520 is shown in a fully deformed, i.e. the final, deployed configuration, in side view and top view in FIGS. 17 and 18, respectively. As best seen in FIG. 18, the lower end of coupling portion 571 forms a roughly circular opening (identified by “O” in FIG. 18). The diameter of this opening preferably corresponds approximately to the diameter of body portion 542 of inner frame 550, to facilitate coupling of the two components of valve 500.

Outer frame 520 and inner frame 550 are shown coupled together in FIGS. 19-21, in front, side, and top views, respectively. The two frames collectively form a structural support for a prosthetic valve such as valve 500. The frames support the valve leaflet structure (e.g., leaflets 570) in the desired relationship to the native valve annulus, support the coverings (e.g., outer covering 530, inner covering 532, outer covering 560) for the two frames to provide a barrier to blood leakage between the atrium and ventricle, and couple to the tether (e.g., tether assembly 590) (by the inner frame 550) to aid in holding the prosthetic valve in place in the native valve annulus by the tether connection to the ventricle wall. The outer frame 520 and the inner frame 550 are connected at six coupling points (representative points are identified as “C”). In this embodiment, the coupling points are implemented with a mechanical fastener, such as a short length of wire, passed through an aperture (such as aperture 571A) in coupling portion 571 of outer frame 520 and corresponding openings in longitudinal posts (such as post 542A) in body portion 542 of inner frame 550. Inner frame 550 is thus disposed within the outer frame 520 and securely coupled to it.

FIGS. 22-28 illustrate a method of reconfiguring a prosthetic heart valve 300 (e.g., prosthetic mitral valve) prior to inserting the prosthetic heart valve 300 into a delivery sheath 326 (see, e.g., FIGS. 24-28) for delivery into the heart via an access point in the atrium (e.g., the left atrium). The prosthetic heart valve 300 (also referred to herein as “valve”) can be constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to the valve 500 described above. Thus, some details regarding the valve 300 are not described below. It should be understood that for features and functions not specifically discussed, those features and functions can be the same as or similar to the valve 500.

As shown in FIG. 22, the valve 300 has an outer frame 320 and an inner frame 350. As discussed above for valves 200 and 500, the outer frame 320 and the inner frame 350 of valve 300 can each be formed with a shape-memory material and have a biased expanded or deployed configuration. The outer frame 320 and the inner frame 350 can be moved to a collapsed or undeployed configuration for delivery of the valve 300 to the heart. In this example method of preparing the valve 300 for delivery to the heart, the outer frame 320 of the valve 300 is first disposed in a prolapsed or inverted configuration as shown in FIG. 23. Specifically, the elastic or superelastic structure of outer frame 320 of valve 300 allows the outer frame 320 to be disposed in the prolapsed or inverted configuration prior to the valve 300 being inserted into the lumen of the delivery sheath 326. As shown in FIG. 23, to dispose the outer frame 320 in the inverted configuration, the outer frame 320 is folded or inverted distally such that the outer frame 320 is pointed away from the inner frame 350. In this inverted configuration, the overall outer perimeter or outer diameter of the valve 300 is reduced and the overall length is increased. For example, the diameter D1 shown in FIG. 22 is greater than the diameter D2 shown in FIG. 23, and the length L1 in FIG. 19 is less than the length L2 in FIG. 23. With the outer frame 320 in the inverted configuration, the valve 300 can be placed within a lumen of a delivery sheath 326 as shown in FIG. 24 for delivery of the valve 300 to the left atrium of the heart. By disposing the outer frame 320 in the inverted configuration, the valve 300 can be collapsed into a smaller overall diameter, i.e. placed in a smaller diameter delivery sheath, than would be possible if the valve 300 in the configuration shown in FIG. 22 were collapsed radially. This is because in the configuration shown in FIG. 22, the two frames are concentric, and thus the outer frame 320 must be collapsed around the inner frame 350, whereas in the configuration shown in FIG. 23, the two frames are coaxial but not concentric, such that the outer frame 320 can be collapsed without needing to accommodate the inner frame 350 inside it.

The procedure to deliver the valve 300 to the heart can be the same as or similar to the procedures described with reference to FIGS. 1-9. With the distal end portion of the delivery sheath 326 disposed within the left atrium of the heart, the valve 300 can be deployed outside of the delivery sheath 326. For example, although not shown, a tether such as tether 236 described above for the valve 200 can be attached to the valve 300, and a pusher device (not shown) can be used to push the valve distally along the tether and deploy the valve 300. Thus, as described above for valve 200, the valve 300 can be deployed by pushing with the pusher device, pulling with the tether, or both.

As the valve 300 exits the lumen of the delivery sheath 326, the outer frame assembly 310 exits first in its inverted configuration as shown in the progression of FIGS. 25-27. After the outer frame assembly 310 is fully outside of the lumen of the delivery sheath 326, the outer frame 320 can revert to its expanded or deployed configuration as shown in FIG. 28. In some embodiments, the pusher device and/or the tether can be used to aid in the reversion of the outer frame assembly 310. The valve 300 can continue to be deployed until the inner frame 350 is fully deployed with the left atrium and the valve 300 is in the expanded or deployed configuration (as shown in FIG. 22).

In some embodiments, a balloon dilator device can be used during a procedure for transatrial delivery of a prosthetic heart valve to the heart. For example, a balloon dilator as described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US15/14572 (“the '572 PCT application”), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be used (e.g., the same as or similar to the balloon dilator device 445). FIG. 29 illustrates such an optional balloon dilator device that can be used during a procedure for transatrial delivery of a prosthetic heart valve to the heart. FIG. 29 illustrates a valve 400 disposed within a lumen of a delivery sheath 426. The valve 400 can be constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to, the valves 200, 500 and 300 described above. For example, the valve 400 can include an outer frame 420 and an inner frame 450 as described above for previous embodiments. A tether 436 can be coupled to the valve 400.

The balloon dilator device 445 includes a balloon member 446 that can be disposed at least partially within the distal end portion of the lumen of the delivery device 426, and distal of the valve 400, as shown in FIG. 29. The balloon dilator device 445 also includes an elongate member 447 coupled to the balloon member 446 and that defines an inflation lumen in fluid communication with an interior of the balloon member 446. The elongate member 447 can be coupled to a source of an inflation medium (not shown) configured to supply the inflation medium to the balloon member 446. With the balloon dilator device 445 coupled to the delivery sheath 426 as shown in FIG. 29, the balloon member 446 can be inflated. The delivery sheath 426 can then be inserted into the left atrium LA. The balloon member 446 provides a smooth surface to aid in maneuvering the delivery sheath 426 through an opening in the left atrium LA and into the heart. With the distal end portion of the delivery sheath 426 disposed within the left atrium LA, the balloon member 446 can be deflated and removed through the apical access site. The valve 400 can then be deployed and positioned within the mitral annulus as described above for FIGS. 1-9. For example, a pusher device 438 (see FIG. 29) can be used to push the valve 400 out of the lumen of the delivery sheath 426 and/or the tether 436 coupled to the valve 400 can be pulled.

FIGS. 30 and 31 illustrate an optional wire assist structure that can be used during a procedure to deliver a prosthetic heart valve transatrially as described above for previous embodiments. A wire assist structure 649 can be releasably coupled to a valve 600 as shown in FIG. 30. The valve 600 can be constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to, the valves described above for previous embodiments. For example, the valve 600 can include an outer frame 620 and an inner frame 650. The wire assist structure 649 can be releasably coupled to the inner frame 650 as best shown in FIG. 31. For example, releasable connectors (not shown) can be used to couple the wire assist structure 649 to the inner frame 650.

In use, the wire assist structure 649 can be movably disposed within a delivery sheath 626 used to deliver the valve 600 to the heart. The wire assist structure 649 can hold the inner frame 650 and allow for positioning control of the valve 600 (i.e., clocking and advancement) while the outer frame 650 of the valve 600 is fully expanded, which allows the valve 600 to be functioning during the positioning phase. When the valve 600 is in the desired final position, the wire assist structure 649 can be released from the inner frame 650 and removed with the delivery sheath 626.

FIG. 32 illustrates another optional assist member that can be used during a procedure to deliver a prosthetic heart valve transatrially. An assist member 748 can be in the form of a tubular member defining a lumen with a diameter sized to receive at least a portion of the inner frame 750 of a valve 700. The valve 700 can be constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to, the valves described above for previous embodiments. For example, the valve 700 can include an outer frame (not shown) and the inner frame 750 as described above for previous embodiments.

In use, the assist member 748 can be movably disposed within a delivery sheath (not shown) used to deliver the valve 700 and be disposed over at least a portion of the inner valve assembly 740. As with the wire assist structure 649, the assist member 748 can hold the inner frame 750 in a small compact configuration and allow for positioning control of the valve 700 (i.e., clocking and advancement) while the outer frame of the valve 700 is being expanded. This can in some cases allow the valve 700 to be functioning (or at least partially functioning) during the positioning phase of the valve 700. With the inner frame 750 held in a compact or small diameter form factor, the valve 700 can be more easily positioned to help seal the annulus with the outer frame (not shown) of the valve 700. When the valve 700 is in the desired final position, the assist member 748 can be removed.

FIG. 33 is a flowchart illustrating a method of deploying a prosthetic mitral valve to a heart using a transatrial delivery approach. The method includes at 880, disposing an outer frame of a prosthetic mitral valve in its inverted configuration. For example, the prosthetic mitral valve can be formed with a shape-memory material and have a biased expanded configuration. At 882, inserting the prosthetic mitral valve and tether into a lumen of a delivery sheath such that the prosthetic mitral valve is moved to a collapsed configuration. At 884, inserting a catheter through an apex of a heart of a patient and positioning a distal end of the catheter within a left ventricle of the heart. At 886, inserting the delivery sheath with the valve and tether into a left atrium, through a native mitral valve gap of the heart, and positioning a distal end of the delivery sheath within the left ventricle of the heart. At 888, capturing a distal end portion of the tether with a snare and pulling the tether through a lumen of the catheter and out a ventricle wall at the apex of the heart. At 890, deploying the prosthetic mitral valve into the left atrium of the heart such that the mitral valve reverts and assumes its biased expanded configuration. At 892, the prosthetic mitral valve is positioned within a mitral annulus of the heart and optionally an epicardial pad device can be secured to the apex of the heart to maintain the prosthetic mitral valve in the desired position (e.g., orientation) within the mitral annulus. In some embodiments, rather than securing the prosthetic mitral valve with a tether and epicardial pad, the prosthetic mitral valve can be secured with clips or other coupling methods to a portion(s) of the ventricular wall of the heart.

FIGS. 34-38 illustrate an embodiment of an expandable epicardial pad device that can be used to secure a tether attached to a prosthetic mitral valve to the heart, for example, at the apex of the heart. An epicardial pad device 939 (also referred to herein as “epicardial pad” or “pad”) can be used, for example, during a procedure to deliver a prosthetic heart valve transatrially as described herein. The epicardial pad 939 can be formed with a small profile such that the epicardial pad 939 can be delivered to the exterior of the heart via a small incision and a small diameter delivery catheter or sheath 963 (see FIGS. 34 and 35). In some embodiments, the delivery sheath 963 can have a diameter, for example, in the range of 3-5 mm. An inner delivery sheath 964 can be movably disposed within a lumen of the delivery sheath 963 and used to hold the tether 936 while the epicardial pad 939 is being deployed as described in more detail below.

As shown in FIGS. 34 and 35 the epicardial pad 939 includes a frame member 961 and a fabric cover 962. The frame member 961 can be formed with, for example a shape-memory material such as Nitinol® such that the epicardial pad 939 can have a biased expanded configuration as shown in FIGS. 35 and 37, and can be moved to a collapsed configuration as shown in FIG. 34. For example, as shown in FIG. 34 the epicardial pad 939 can be placed within a lumen of the delivery sheath 963 to move the epicardial pad 939 to the collapsed configuration. The fabric cover 962 can be formed with various suitable material(s) such as, for example, polyester, polyethylene or ePTFE.

In use, after a prosthetic mitral valve has been deployed within the heart H via a transatrial delivery approach as described herein, the tether 936 attached the prosthetic valve (not shown) can extend outside the apex of the heart. The epicardial pad 939 can be used to secure the tether 936 and prosthetic valve in a desired position. With the tether 936 extending outside of the heart, the tether 936 can be threaded through a center opening of the epicardial pad 939 and through a lumen of the inner delivery sheath 964, as shown in FIGS. 34 and 35. The outer delivery sheath 963 can be laced over the inner delivery sheath 964 and the epicardial pad 939 to collapse the epicardial pad 939 as shown in FIG. 34. As described above, the outer delivery sheath 964 can have a relatively small outer diameter such that it can be inserted through a small incision in the skin of the patient. When the distal end of the delivery sheath 963 is at a desired location near the apex of the heart, the epicardial pad 939 can be moved outside of the delivery sheath 963 such that the epicardial pad 939 can assume its biased expanded configuration as shown in FIGS. 35 and 37. For example, to move the epicardial pad 939 outside of the lumen of the delivery sheath 963, the delivery sheath 963 can be moved proximally, such that the delivery sheath 963 is removed from epicardial pad 939. Alternatively, the epicardial pad 939 can be moved distally outside of the lumen of the delivery sheath 963. For example, a push rod (not shown) can be used, or the inner delivery sheath 964 in which the tether 936 is disposed can be used to move or push the epicardial pad 939 out of the delivery sheath 963.

Prior to moving the expanded epicardial pad 939 into position on the apex of the heart, conventional purse string sutures 965 at the incision through which the tether 936 extends out of the heart at the apex of the heart can be closed. The epicardial pad 939, in the expanded configuration, can then be positioned on the apex of the heart. In this embodiment, the epicardial pad 939 includes an integral locking mechanism 966 as shown in FIGS. 38-40. The locking mechanism can be formed integrally with the frame member 961 and can include barbs 967. As shown in FIGS. 34 and 35, the tether 936 can be inserted through a lumen of the inner delivery sheath 964 such that the delivery sheath 964 can prevent the barbs 967 from contacting the tether 936. For example, the tether 936 can be threaded into the inner delivery sheath 964 prior to the inner delivery sheath 964 and tether 936 being inserted through the center opening of the epicardial pad 939. Thus, the inner delivery sheath 964 can protect the tether 936 from the barbs 967 of the locking mechanism 966 during deployment of the epicardial pad 939. When the epicardial pad 939 is deployed at the desired position on the heart, the inner delivery sheath 964 can be removed uncovering the tether 936 and allowing the barbs 967 to engage or pierce the tether 936 as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40. The barbs 968 can hold or lock the tether 936 and epicardial pad 939 in the desired position. The barbs 9678 can be oriented at various different angles relative to a longitudinal axis of the epicardial pad 939, such as, for example, between 45-120 degrees.

In alternative embodiments, other methods of securing the epicardial pad 939 to the heart can be used. For example, in an embodiment in which the epicardial pad 939 does not include an integrated locking mechanism as described above, the distal end portion of the tether 936 can be tied or another securing device such as a clip or locking pin can be used.

FIGS. 41-43 illustrate another embodiment of an expandable epicardial pad device that can be used to secure a tether attached to a prosthetic mitral valve to the heart, for example, at the apex of the heart. An epicardial pad device 1039 (also referred to herein as “epicardial pad” or “pad”) can be used, for example, during a procedure to deliver a prosthetic heart valve transatrially as described herein. The epicardial pad 1039 can be formed with a small profile such that the epicardial pad 1039 can be delivered to the exterior of the heart via a small incision and a small diameter delivery catheter or sheath (not shown) as described above for epicardial pad 939.

As shown in FIGS. 41-43, the epicardial pad 1039 includes a frame member 1061 and a fabric cover 1062. In this embodiment, the frame member 1061 includes a first frame portion 1068 and a second frame portion 1069. As with the previous embodiment, the frame member 1061 can be formed with, for example a shape-memory material such as Nitinol®, such that the epicardial pad 1039 can have a biased expanded configuration as shown in FIGS. 42 and 43, and can be moved to a collapsed configuration as shown in FIG. 41. For example, although not shown for this embodiment, the epicardial pad 1039 can be placed within a lumen of a delivery sheath to collapse or move the epicardial pad 1039 to the collapsed configuration. In the expanded configuration, the second frame portion 1069 expands within an interior region defined by the first frame portion 1068 as best shown in FIG. 42. In other words, the second frame portion 1069 and the first frame portion 1068 form a double-layer flower-like shape. The fabric cover 1062 can be formed with, for example, various suitable material(s) such as, for example, polyester, polyethylene or ePTFE, as described above for fabric cover 962.

In use, after a prosthetic mitral valve has been deployed within the heart H (FIG. 43), for example, via a transatrial delivery approach as described herein, the tether 1036 attached the prosthetic valve (not shown) can extend outside the apex of the heart. The epicardial pad 1039 can be used to secure the tether 1036 and prosthetic valve in a desired position. With the tether 1036 extending outside of the heart, the tether 1036 can be threaded through a lumen of an inner delivery sheath, such as inner delivery sheath 964 described above, and through a center opening of the epicardial pad 1039. An outer delivery sheath (not shown) can be placed over the inner delivery sheath to collapse the epicardial pad 1039. As described above, the outer delivery sheath can have a relatively small outer diameter such that it can be inserted through a small incision in the skin of the patient. When the distal end of the delivery sheath is at a desired location near the apex of the heart, the epicardial pad 1039 can be moved outside of the delivery sheath 963 such that the epicardial pad 1039 can assume its biased expanded configuration as shown in FIGS. 42 and 43 as described above for epicardial pad 939.

Prior to moving the expanded epicardial pad 1039 into position on the apex of the heart, conventional purse string sutures 1065 at the incision through which the tether 1036 extends out of the heart at the apex of the heart can be closed. The epicardial pad 1039, in the expanded configuration, can then be positioned on the apex of the heart. The epicardial pad 1039 can include an integral locking mechanism, similar to or the same as locking mechanism 966 described above to secure or lock the tether 1036 and epicardial pad 1039 in position on the heart. In alternative embodiments, other methods of securing the epicardial pad 1039 to the heart can be used. For example, as described above, the distal end portion of the tether 1036 can be tied or another securing device such as a clip or locking pin can be used.

FIGS. 44 and 45 illustrate an expandable epicardial pad device 1139 according to another embodiment. The epicardial pad device 1139 can be used in the same or similar manner as described for previous embodiments to secure a tether attached to a prosthetic mitral valve to the heart, for example, at the apex of the heart. The epicardial pad device 1139 (also referred to herein as “epicardial pad” or “pad”) can be used, for example, during a procedure to deliver a prosthetic heart valve transatrially as described herein. In this embodiment, the epicardial pad device 1139 includes a balloon member 1155. The balloon member 1155 can be small in size such that the balloon member 1155 can be delivered to the exterior of the heart via a small incision and a small diameter delivery catheter or sheath (not shown) as described above for previous embodiments.

The balloon member 1155 can define an inner lumen through which the tether 1136 can be inserted. The epicardial pad 1139 can also include an inflation lumen through which an inflation medium can be communicated to and from the balloon member 1155. For example, the inflation lumen (not shown) can be defined by the balloon member 1155 or by a separate inflation line (not shown) in fluid communication with an interior of the balloon member 1155.

In use, after a prosthetic mitral valve has been deployed within the heart H (FIG. 41), for example, via a transatrial delivery approach as described herein, the tether 1136 attached to the prosthetic valve (not shown) can extend outside the apex of the heart. With the tether 1136 extending outside of the heart, the tether 1136 can be threaded or inserted through the lumen of the balloon member 1155 as described above. The balloon member 1155 can be inflated or deflated when the tether 1136 is inserted into the balloon lumen. The balloon member 1155 can be collapsed or deflated (not shown) and then placed within a lumen of a delivery sheath (not shown). The delivery sheath can be inserted through a small incision in the skin of the patient and a distal end of the delivery sheath disposed at a desired location near the apex of the heart. The epicardial pad 1139 (i.e., balloon member 1155) can be moved outside of the delivery sheath and then can be inflated as shown in FIG. 44.

Purse string sutures 1165 at the incision through which the tether 1136 extends out of the heart at the apex of the heart can be closed prior to positioning the epicardial pad 1139 on the apex. Prior to positioning the balloon member 1155 on the apex of the heart, the balloon member 1155 can be partially deflated or fully deflated. The balloon member 1155 is then moved distally into contact with the heart where it can collapse inwardly upon itself to form a cup shape as the balloon member 1155 is pushed against the heart, as shown in FIG. 45. The epicardial pad 1139 and tether 1136 can be secured in the desired position with, for example, clip(s) or a locking pin(s) or by tying the tether 1136. In some embodiments, the balloon member 1155 is secured by adhesively coupling the balloon member 1155 to the tether 1136 such that the balloon member 1155 is prevented from moving relative to the tether 1136. In some embodiments, the balloon member 1155 can be adhesively coupled to the tether 1136 and also adhesively coupled to the heart. In some embodiments, the balloon member 1155 is fully deflated and can be filled with an adhesive or a cement material to add strength and rigidity to the balloon member 1155.

FIGS. 46-48 illustrate yet another embodiment of an epicardial pad device that can be used to secure a tether attached to a prosthetic mitral valve to the heart, for example, at the apex of the heart. The epicardial pad device 1239 (also referred to herein as “epicardial pad” or “pad”) can be used, for example, during a procedure to deliver a prosthetic heart valve transatrially as described herein. In this embodiment, the epicardial pad device 1239 includes multiple stackable pad members 1273 that can be sized such that each stackable pad member 1273 can be delivered separately to the exterior of the heart via a small incision and a small diameter delivery catheter or sheath (not shown). When all of the stackable pad members 1273 are implanted and attached to the heart, the stackable pad members 1273 can define a total surface area of, for example, 2 cm. The stackable pad members 1273 can be formed with, for example, suitable polymer or metal materials such as, for example, PEEK plastic, or stainless steel such as, for example, MP35N stainless steel.

In use, after a prosthetic mitral valve has been deployed within the heart H, for example, via a transatrial delivery approach as described herein, the tether 1236 attached the prosthetic valve (not shown) can extend outside the apex of the heart. With the tether 1236 extending outside of the heart, a first stackable pad member 1273 can be slid onto the tether 1236. For example, the stacking members 1273 can define a through-hole in which the tether 1236 can be received. The first stackable pad member 1273 can be slid or moved distally along the tether 1236 until it contacts the surface of the heart H as shown in FIG. 46. A second stackable pad member 1273 can then be slid distally along the tether 1236 until it contacts the first stackable pad member 1273 and then a third stackable pad member 1273 can be slid distally along the tether 1236 until it contacts the second stackable pad member 1273 as shown in FIG. 46. Each stackable pad member 1273 can be oriented at a different angle relative to the tether 1236 as shown in FIG. 48. Using three separate stackable pad members 1273 in this manner can distribute the forces against the surface of the heart more evenly than a single stackable pad member 1273. After the three stackable pad members 1273 have been positioned against the heart, a locking pin 1274 can be inserted laterally through the tether 1236 to secure the stackable pad members 1273 against the surface of the heart. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to insert a locking pin after each stackable pad member 1273 has been positioned.

FIGS. 50-55 illustrate a method of delivering a prosthetic mitral valve 1300 (shown in FIGS. 52-55) to a left atrium LA of a heart H, e.g., via introduction through a right internal jugular vein puncture site (see FIG. 59). As shown in FIG. 50, a distal end portion of an introducer sheath 1326 is inserted through a right internal jugular vein (shown in FIG. 59), a superior vena cava (SVC), extended through a right atrium RA, through an atrial septum AS, through the left atrium LA, through a mitral valve gap and into a left ventricle LV, and then through a trans-apical puncture through a ventricular wall at an apex Ap of the heart H. A dilator 1335 and a guidewire 1334 are moveably disposed within a lumen of the introducer sheath 1326 and are used to aid in the insertion and maneuvering of the introducer sheath 1326 described above. For example, during delivery of the introducer sheath 1326 from the right internal jugular vein access site through the apex Ap of the heart H, the dilator 1335 can extend distally from the distal end portion of the introducer sheath 1326 and aid in creating space (e.g., by dilating nearby tissue) through which the introducer sheath 1326 can maneuver. For example, the dilator 1335 can dilate the atrial septum AS to create space for the introducer sheath 1326. The guidewire 1334 can be used to guide the introducer sheath 1326 along a desired path (i.e., from the superior vena cava SVC to the left ventricle LV and through the apex AP). The prosthetic mitral valve 1300 (also referred to herein as “valve”) is coupled to or disposed about a tether 1336 (see e.g., FIG. 53), and an end portion of the tether 1336 is coupled to an epicardial pad device 1339, each of which is movably disposed within an inner delivery sheath 1364 (see e.g., FIG. 52) which can be movably disposed within the introducer sheath 1326 during delivery of the introducer sheath 1326.

After the introducer sheath 1326 has been extended through the superior vena cava SVC and the apex Ap of the heart H, the dilator 1335 and the guidewire 1334 can be pulled or otherwise withdrawn proximally through a proximal end portion of the lumen of the introducer sheath 1326, and a pusher device (not shown) can be used to deliver and/or deploy the epicardial pad device 1339. The epicardial pad device 1339 can be used to secure the tether 1336 and the valve 1300 in position within the mitral annulus, as described further herein with respect to FIG. 55.

The epicardial pad device 1339 can be delivered and/or deployed by pushing with the pusher device (not shown) such that the epicardial pad device 1339 and a portion of the tether 1336 exit both the distal end portion of the inner delivery sheath 1364 (shown in FIG. 52) and the distal end of the introducer sheath 1326 and such that the epicardial pad device 1339 is disposed outside the heart H, as shown in FIG. 51. For example, an epicardial pad device as described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US14/49218 (“the '218 PCT application”), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be used. In some embodiments, an expandable epicardial pad can be used to secure the tether and valve in position. Example embodiments of expandable pads that can be used are described herein with reference to FIGS. 34-48. Such an epicardial pad can be smaller in size such that the pad can be delivered to the heart via a small incision and small catheter or delivery sheath (e.g., the same as or similar to the inner delivery sheath 1364, or the same as or similar to the introducer sheath 1326) via the right internal jugular vein. In some embodiments, a positioning device can be used to help position the valve and deploy the epicardial pad device. For example, a positioning device as described in the '218 PCT application incorporated by reference above, or devices described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US14/61046, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be used. In some embodiments, rather than securing the prosthetic mitral valve with a tether and epicardial pad, the prosthetic mitral valve can be secured with clips or other coupling methods to a portion(s) of the mitral valve apparatus and/or to the ventricular wall of the heart. For example, such coupling methods are described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US14/58826 (“the '826 PCT application”), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

After the epicardial pad device 1339 is disposed outside the heart, as shown in FIG. 51, the introducer sheath 1326 can be withdrawn proximally relative to the inner delivery sheath 1364 through the superior vena cava SVC, through the right internal jugular vein, through the right internal jugular vein puncture site and outside the heart H. During removal of the introducer sheath 1326 from the heart H, the inner delivery sheath 1364 (with the valve 1300 disposed therein) remains in the heart to aid in delivery and deployment of the valve 1300.

The valve 1300 can be formed with a shape-memory material (as described above for previous embodiments) and can have a biased undeformed shape and can be manipulated and/or deformed (e.g., compressed and/or expanded) and, when released, return to its original undeformed shape. For example, the valve 1300 can be in a collapsed or deformed configuration when disposed within the lumen of the inner delivery sheath 1364, and can be moved to its biased, expanded or undeformed configuration when delivered from the inner delivery sheath 1364 and deployed within the heart H. The valve 1300 can be, for example, constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to any of the valves described herein (e.g., the valve 500) or in the '572 PCT Application, the '384 Application, and/or the '896 Application, incorporated herein by reference above. In some embodiments, actuator wires (not shown) can be used to selectively (e.g., by an operator) assist and/or control expansion, deployment and/or articulation of the valve 1300 as the valve 1300 is delivered to the heart. For example, actuator wires as described in the '384 Application and/or the '896 Application, both incorporated by reference above, can be used.

To deliver and deploy the valve 1300, a pusher device (not shown) movably disposed within the inner delivery sheath 1364 can be used to push the valve 1300 out of the distal end of the inner delivery sheath 1364 and within the left atrium of the heart H, as shown partially exiting the sheath 1364 in FIG. 52. Optionally, the inner delivery sheath 1364 can also be pulled proximally as the pusher moves the valve 1300 distally. As the valve 1300 exits the inner delivery sheath 1364, the valve 1300 can assume its biased expanded or deployed configuration within the left atrium LA as shown in FIG. 53. With the valve 1300 movably coupled to the tether 1336, the pusher can be used to push or move the valve 1300 relative to the tether 1336 to position the valve 1300 within the mitral annulus. Simultaneously, the tether 1336 is pulled proximally such that the epicardial pad device 1339 is pulled proximally (toward the outer surface of the apex Ap of the heart) and into contact with the apex Ap of the heart H, and the portion of the tether 1336 disposed between the epicardial pad device 1339 and the valve 1300 is pulled taut. The tether 1336 in a taut configuration can aid in movement of the valve 1300 as the valve 1300 is moved relative to the tether 1336 and positioned within the mitral annulus. In some embodiments, the pusher device can also be used to aid in positioning the valve 1300 in a desired radial orientation within the left atrium LA. For example, the pusher device can define an internal lumen (not shown) that can be placed over an inner frame portion of the valve 1300 to hold the inner frame portion in a small diameter, which can help enable the valve 1300 to be positioned in a desired radial orientation and be seated within the annulus of the mitral valve. Further examples of such a valve assist device are described above with reference to FIGS. 30-32.

As shown by progression in FIGS. 54 and 55, and as described above, as the valve 1300 is deployed within the left atrium LA of the heart H, the valve 1300 is allowed to assume its biased expanded or deployed configuration. The inner delivery sheath 1364 can be removed from the patient and the valve 1300 can be positioned, secured or locked, and tensioned in a desired position within the mitral annulus. For example, as described above, the valve 1300 can be moved relative to the tether 1336 to obtain the desired or optimal location in the native mitral annulus and minimize perivalvular leaks, and the tether 1336 can be pulled taut. Once the valve 1300 is disposed in a desirable position and the tether 1336 is desirably tensioned, the valve 1300 can be secured or locked relative to the tether 1336. The valve 1300 can be secured or locked to the tether 1336 in any suitable manner such that the valve 1300 is prevented from moving or translating about or along the tether 1336 during normal heart functioning conditions (e.g., during systole and/or diastole).

For example, a locking mechanism (not shown) can be used to secure the tether 1336 to the valve 1300. In some embodiments, for example, a locking mechanism can be coupled to or included with the valve 1300 and can include a tether attachment member (not shown) that defines at least a portion of a tether passageway (not shown) through which a portion of the tether 1336 can be received therethrough. The tether attachment member can further define a locking pin channel that intersects the tether passageway. A locking pin (not shown) is disposable within the locking pin channel and movable between a first position in which the locking pin is at a spaced distance from the tether passageway, and a second position in which the locking pin intersects the tether passageway and can engage the portion of the tether 1336 disposed therein to secure the tether to the tether attachment member. In some embodiments, the tether attachment member and the valve 1300 can be monolithically constructed, while in other embodiments the tether attachment member and the valve 1300 can be formed separately and coupled together. In such embodiments, in some instances, the tether attachment member can be coupled to the valve and then delivered to and deployed within the heart H, while in other instances, the tether attachment member and the valve 1300 can be delivered to the heart H together, and can then engage one another to secure or lock the valve to the tether 1336. In such instances, the tether attachment member can be configured to be disposed about the tether 1336 such that it can translate or move along the tether 1336 and be moved into engagement with the valve 1300 when the valve is in a desired position and configuration. In some embodiments, a tool (not shown) separate from the locking mechanism can be used to deploy or otherwise cause the locking mechanism to engage the valve 1300 and/or the tether 1336 for securement. In some instances, the tool can be disposed about the tether 1336 and translate or move along the tether 1336.

After the valve 1300 is deployed, proper tension is achieved between the valve 1300 and the epicardial pad device 1339, and the valve 1300 is secured or locked in position relative to the tether 1336, an excess portion (i.e., a proximal portion) of the tether 1336 can be cut or otherwise removed from the heart H. As shown in FIG. 54, a tether cutting tool 1331 can be used to cut the proximal portion of the tether 1336 for removal of the proximal portion from the left atrium LA, the right atrium RA, the superior vena cava SVC, and the right internal jugular vein. In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool 1331 can define an inner lumen therebetween configured to receive at least a portion of the tether 1336 (e.g., the proximal portion of the tether 1336). In this manner, the tether cutting tool 1331 can be disposed about and translate along the tether 1336 until it reaches a desirable position to cut the tether 1336. The tether cutting tool 1331 can be configured to remove from the heart H the portion of the tether 1336 cut by the tether cutting tool 1331. Upon cutting and removal of a portion of the tether 1336, the valve 1300, secured to the remaining tether 1336 and the epicardial pad device 1339 (disposed outside the heart) as shown in FIG. 55, can remain within and function within the heart H (e.g. to limit or prevent mitral valve regurgitation, as discussed further herein). In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool 1331 can, in addition to being configured to cut a portion of the tether 1336, be configured to deliver and/or deploy the locking mechanism used to secure the valve 1300 to the tether 1336.

In other embodiments, instead of delivering and deploying an epicardial pad via the introducer sheath through the right internal jugular vein, the superior vena cava, the right atrium, the atrial septum, the left atrium, the mitral valve gap and the ventricle wall, an epicardial pad can be delivered from outside the heart and to the apex of the heart. For example, similar to the procedure described above with respect to the valve 1300, a guide wire and introducer sheath can be routed from the right internal jugular vein, through the superior vena cava, through the right atrium, through the atrial septum, and through the left atrium to the left ventricle of the heart and through the ventricle wall to deliver a distal portion of a tether outside the heart near the apex of the heart. The tether can be coupled to a valve (e.g., valve 1300) and inserted through an inner delivery sheath movably disposed within the introducer sheath as described above with respect to valve 1300 and FIGS. 50-55. An epicardial pad can be delivered via a separate device different than the introducer sheath to near the apex of the heart. The distal free end of the tether can be threaded through and coupled to the epicardial pad. The introducer sheath can be withdrawn, and the valve can be delivered, deployed, tensioned and secured or locked, as discussed above with respect to the valve 1300.

In other embodiments, a snare device can be used to grab or snare the tether to move it from a location within the heart (e.g., from an atrium or a ventricle) through a ventricle wall at or near the apex Ap and outside of the heart H. FIGS. 56-58 illustrate another method of transjugularly delivering a prosthetic mitral valve 1400 to a left atrium LA of a heart H, e.g., via a right internal jugular vein and a superior vena cava. As with the previous embodiment, a distal end portion of an introducer sheath 1426 is inserted through a right internal jugular vein (see FIG. 59), a superior vena cava SVC, a right atrium RA, an atrial septum AS, and extended into the left atrium LA of the heart H. The prosthetic mitral valve 1400 (also referred to herein as “valve”) is coupled to or disposed about a tether 1436, each of which is movably disposed within an inner delivery sheath 1464 (see e.g., FIG. 57), which is movably disposed within the introducer sheath 1426. As shown in FIG. 56, a distal portion of the tether 1436 extends distally from a distal end portion of the lumen of the introducer sheath 1426.

A snare device 1456, as shown in FIG. 56, can be used to snare or capture the tether 1436 within the left ventricle LV of the heart H and pull it out through the ventricular wall at or near the apex Ap of the heart H. A procedure catheter 1457 can be used to introduce the snare device 1456 into the heart. In use, a distal end of the procedure catheter 1457 is inserted through an incision or opening in a ventricular wall of the heart H (e.g., at or near the apex Ap of the heart H) such that the distal end of the procedure catheter 1457 is disposed within the left ventricle LV of the heart H. The snare device 1456 is moved distally within a lumen of the procedure catheter 1457 until a distal end of the snare device 1456 is disposed within the left ventricle LV (or within the left atrium if necessary to capture the tether 1436). The distal portion of the tether 1436 extending from the distal end portion of the lumen of the introducer sheath 1426 and the distal portion of the valve 1400, disposed within the heart H (e.g., the left atrium, the left ventricle, or a portion therebetween) is snared with the snare device 1456, as shown in FIG. 56. The tether 1436 is pulled with the snare device 1456 through the lumen of the procedure catheter 1457 such that the distal end of the tether 1436 is pulled out the proximal end of the procedure catheter 1457 outside of the heart H. Said another way, a distal end of the tether 1436 is threaded through a distal opening defined by the procedure catheter 1457, through the lumen defined by the procedure catheter 1457 and out a proximal opening defined by the procedure catheter 1457. The procedure catheter 1457 is removed, leaving the distal portion of the tether 1436 extending through the incision in the ventricular wall and outside the heart H, as shown in FIG. 57.

The valve 1400 can be formed with a shape-memory material (as described above for previous embodiments) and can have a biased undeformed shape and can be manipulated and/or deformed (e.g., compressed and/or expanded) and, when released, return to its original undeformed shape. For example, the valve 1400 can be in a collapsed or deformed configuration when disposed within the lumen of the delivery sheath 1464, and can be moved to its biased, expanded or undeformed configuration when delivered from the delivery sheath 1464 and deployed within the heart H. The valve 1400 can be, for example, constructed the same as or similar to, and function the same as or similar to any of the valves described herein (e.g., the valve 200, the valve 500, the valve 1300) or in the '572 PCT Application, the '384 Application, and/or the '896 Application incorporated by reference above. As described for previous embodiments, in some embodiments, actuator wires (not shown) can be used to selectively (e.g., by an operator) assist and/or control expansion, deployment and/or articulation of the valve 1400 as the valve 1400 is delivered to the heart H. For example, actuator wires as described in the '384 Application and/or the '896 Application, both incorporated by reference above, can be used.

To deliver and deploy the valve 1400, the delivery sheath 1464 can be pulled proximally towards and through the atrial septum AS and into the right atrium RA such that the valve 1400, which remains coupled or disposed about the tether 1436, exits the distal end portion of the delivery sheath 1464 (as shown by progression in FIGS. 57 and 58) and remains in the left atrium LA of the heart H, as shown in FIG. 58. As the valve 1400 is deployed within the left atrium LA of the heart H, the valve 1400 is allowed to assume its biased expanded or deployed configuration. Alternatively, or additionally, a pusher device (not shown) can be used to push the valve 1400 outside of the distal end portion of the delivery sheath 1464. In some instances, for example, the pusher device can be used to push the valve 1400 while the delivery sheath 1464 is pulled and removed from the valve 1400. In other words, the valve 1400 can be delivered and deployed by pushing the valve 1400 with the pusher device, by pulling the inner delivery sheath 1464, or both. The tether 1436, coupled to the valve 1400, can also be used during the deployment of the valve 1400. For example, to position the valve 1400 within the native mitral annulus, the tether 1436 can be pulled proximally after or simultaneously with the pusher device pushing the valve 1400 outside the lumen of the delivery sheath 1464. The pusher device can also be used to aid in positioning the valve 1400 in a desired radial orientation within the left atrium LA. For example, the pusher device can define an internal lumen (not shown) that can be placed over an inner frame portion of the valve 1400 to hold the inner frame portion in a small diameter, which can help enable the valve 1400 to be positioned in a desired radial orientation and be seated within the annulus of the mitral valve. Further examples of such a valve assist device are described below with reference to FIGS. 30-32.

After the valve 1400 is deployed within the left atrium LA, the delivery sheath 1464 can be removed from the patient (e.g., through the superior vena cava SVC, the right internal jugular vein, and the right internal jugular vein puncture site), and the valve 1400 can be positioned within the mitral annulus as described above using the tether 1436 and/or pusher device. With the valve 1400 in a desired position within the mitral annulus, the tension on the tether 1436 between the prosthetic mitral valve 1400 and the incision at the apex Ap of the heart H can be adjusted and the tether 1436 can be secured at the apex Ap on the ventricular wall of the heart H with epicardial pad device 1439. For example, with the tether 1436 extending outside of the heart, the tether 1436 can be threaded through a center opening of the epicardial pad device 1439 and through a lumen of an epicardial pad delivery catheter (not shown) (also referred to herein as “pad catheter”) such that the epicardial pad 1439 is disposed at a distal end of the pad catheter. An outer delivery device 1496 (also referred to herein as an “outer delivery catheter”) can be laced over the pad delivery catheter to collapse the epicardial pad device 1439. The outer delivery catheter 1496 (with the epicardial pad 1439 and pad catheter disposed therein) can have a relatively small outer diameter such that it can be inserted through a small incision in the skin of a patient. When the distal end of the outer delivery catheter 1496 is at a desired location near the apex Ap of the heart H, the epicardial pad device 1439 can be moved outside of the outer delivery catheter 1496 such that the epicardial pad 1439 can assume a biased expanded configuration, as shown in FIG. 58.

To move the epicardial pad device 1439 outside of the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 1496, the pad catheter can be moved distally within the outer delivery catheter 1496 to push the epicardial pad device 1439 out of the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 1496. In an alternative embodiment, the epicardial pad device 1439, rather than using a pad catheter as described above, the tether 1436 can be threaded through the outer delivery catheter 1496 and the outer delivery catheter 1496 can collapse the epicardial pad device 1439 within the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 1496. The outer delivery catheter 1496 be positioned near the apex Ap as described above, and a push rod (not shown) or an inner sheath (not shown) can be used to move the epicardial pad device 1439 distally outside of the lumen of the outer delivery catheter 1496.

Prior to moving the epicardial pad device 1439 into position on the apex Ap of the heart H, optional conventional purse string sutures (not shown) at the incision through which the tether 1436 extends out of the heart H at the apex Ap of the heart H can be closed. The epicardial pad device 1439 can then be positioned on the apex Ap of the heart, as shown in FIG. 58.

Although as described above the snare device 1456 is introduced into the heart H via the procedure catheter 1457, and the epicardial pad device 1439 is delivered to the apex Ap of the heart H via the outer delivery catheter 1496, in other embodiments, both a snare device and an epicardial pad device can be introduced or delivered via the same catheter, e.g., the procedure catheter 1457. In such embodiments, after use of the snare device 1456 to snare the tether 1436 and removal from the heart of the snare device 1456 via the procedure catheter 1457, the epicardial pad device 1439 and pad catheter described above can be inserted or loaded into the procedure catheter 1457. Similarly, in some embodiments, the distal end of the tether 1436 can be threaded through the center opening of the epicardial pad device 1439 and through the lumen defined by the procedure catheter 1457 (rather than the pad catheter). The epicardial pad device can then be delivered and deployed as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 57 and 58.

Various different types and/or configurations of an epicardial pad device can be used to anchor the prosthetic mitral valve 1400 as described above. For example, any of the epicardial anchor devices described herein, in the '218 PCT application incorporated by reference above, and/or in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/212,803, can be used. For example, an epicardial pad device can include a frame member (not shown) and a fabric cover (not shown). The frame member can be formed with, for example, a shape-memory material such as Nitinol® such that the epicardial pad can have a biased expanded configuration, and can be moved to a collapsed configuration. For example, the epicardial pad can be placed within a lumen of a delivery sheath (e.g., pad catheter) to move the epicardial pad device to the collapsed configuration. During delivery, the epicardial pad can be moved outside of the delivery sheath, as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 57 and 58, such that the epicardial pad can assume its biased expanded configuration. The fabric cover can be formed with various suitable material(s) such as, for example, polyester, polyethylene or ePTFE.

In an alternative, the valve 1400 can be coupled to the tether 1436 such that the valve 1400 is movable or can translate relative to the tether 1436 as described above for valve 1300. In such an embodiment, a locking mechanism (not shown) can be used to secure the tether 1436 to the valve 1400 as described above for valve 1300. In such an embodiment, a snare device can be used to pull the tether 1436 through the wall of the left ventricle and out of the heart and an epicardial pad can be attached to the tether 1436 as described above, however adjustment and securement of the valve would be performed in a similar or same manner as described for valve 1300. For example, the valve 1400 can be translated relative to the tether 1436 to position the valve in the mitral annulus and the locking mechanism can be used to secure the valve 1400 to the tether 1436 as previously described for valve 1300. For example, the locking mechanism can include a tether attachment member (not shown) that defines at least a portion of a tether passageway (not shown) through which a portion of the tether 1436 can be received therethrough. The tether attachment member further defines a locking pin channel that intersects the tether passageway. A locking pin (not shown) is disposable within the locking pin channel and movable between a first position in which the locking pin is at a spaced distance from the tether passageway, and a second position in which the locking pin intersects the tether passageway and can engage the portion of the tether 1436 disposed therein to secure the tether to the tether attachment member. In some embodiments, the tether attachment member and the valve 1400 can be monolithically constructed, while in other embodiments the tether attachment member and the valve 1400 can be formed separately and coupled together. In such embodiments, in some instances, the tether attachment member can be coupled to the valve and then delivered to and deployed within the heart H, while in other instances, the tether attachment member and the valve 1400 can be delivered to the heart H, and can then engage one another to secure or lock the valve to the tether 1436. In such instances, the tether attachment member can be configured to be disposed about the tether 1436 such that it can translate or move along the tether 1436 and engage with the valve 1400 when the valve is in its desirable position and configuration. In some embodiments, a tool (not shown) separate from the locking mechanism can be used to deploy or otherwise cause the locking mechanism to engage the valve 1400 and/or the tether 1436 for securement. In some instances, the tool can be disposed about the tether 1436 and translate or move along the tether 1436.

After the valve 1400 is deployed, proper tension is achieved between the valve 400 and the epicardial pad device 1439, and the valve 1400 is secured or locked in position relative to the tether 1436, an excess portion (i.e., a proximal portion) of the tether 1436 can be cut or otherwise removed from the heart H, similar to as described above with respect to FIG. 54. For example, a tether cutting tool (not shown) can be used to cut the proximal portion of the tether 1436 for removal of the proximal portion from the left atrium LA, the right atrium RA, the superior vena cava SVC, and the right internal jugular vein. In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool can define an inner lumen therebetween configured to receive at least a portion of the tether 1436 (e.g., the proximal portion of the tether 1436). In this manner, the tether cutting tool can be disposed about and translate along the tether 1436 until it reaches a desirable position to cut the tether 1436. The tether cutting tool can be configured to remove from the heart H the portion of the tether 1436 that the tether cutting tool cut. Upon cutting and removal of a portion of the tether 1436, the valve 1400, secured to the remaining tether 1436 and the epicardial pad device 1439 (disposed outside the heart) as shown in FIG. 58, can remain within and function in a desirable fashion within the heart H (e.g. to limit or prevent mitral valve regurgitation, as discussed further herein). In some embodiments, the tether cutting tool can, in addition to be configured to cut a portion of the tether 1436, be configured to deliver and/or deploy the locking mechanism.

Although the embodiments described above with reference to FIGS. 50-59 describe the transjugular path from a puncture site to the right atrium as including the right internal jugular vein, in other embodiments the delivery of a prosthetic mitral valve can be via a puncture site to the left internal jugular vein, the right external jugular vein, or the left external jugular vein.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Where methods described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, the ordering of certain events may be modified. Additionally, certain of the events may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially as described above

Where schematics and/or embodiments described above indicate certain components arranged in certain orientations or positions, the arrangement of components may be modified. While the embodiments have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made. Any portion of the apparatus and/or methods described herein may be combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive combinations. The embodiments described herein can include various combinations and/or sub-combinations of the functions, components, and/or features of the different embodiments described. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of implanting a prosthetic mitral valve in a mitral valve annulus of a heart of a patient, the method comprising: maneuvering an introducer sheath into a left atrium of the heart; after maneuvering the introducer sheath into the left atrium of the heart, passing the introducer sheath to a left ventricle of the heart; after passing the introducer sheath into the left ventricle of the heart, passing a distal end of the introducer sheath through a puncture in an apex of the left ventricle until the distal end of the introducer sheath is disposed outside the heart; advancing an anchor member through the introducer sheath, while the distal end of the introducer sheath is disposed outside the heart, until the anchor member exits the introducer sheath and is disposed outside the heart; while the anchor member is disposed outside the heart and in contact with the apex of the left ventricle, deploying the prosthetic mitral valve in the mitral valve annulus of the heart by moving the prosthetic mitral valve along a tether so the prosthetic mitral valve is disposed in a desired position; and securing the prosthetic mitral valve to a first portion of the tether while a second portion of the tether is coupled to the anchor member.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein maneuvering the introducer sheath into the left atrium of the heart includes passing the distal end of the introducer sheath through a puncture site in the left atrium.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein maneuvering the introducer sheath into the left atrium of the heart includes passing the distal end of the introducer sheath from a right atrium of the heart through a puncture in a septum of the heart to the left atrium of the heart.
 4. The method of claim 3, further maneuvering the introducer sheath from a jugular vein into the right atrium of the heart prior to passing the distal end of the introducer sheath through the puncture in the septum of the heart.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anchor member is an expandable epicardial pad.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising pulling the tether proximally to draw the anchor member toward an outer surface of the heart prior to securing the prosthetic mitral valve to the first portion of the tether.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein securing the prosthetic mitral valve to the first portion of the tether includes locking the prosthetic mitral valve to the first portion of the tether so that the prosthetic mitral valve is prevented from moving or translating about or along the tether during normal heart functioning conditions.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein locking the prosthetic mitral valve to the first portion of the tether is performed while the tether is drawn taut.
 9. The method of claim 6, further comprising cutting a third portion of the tether after the prosthetic mitral valve is secured to the first portion of a tether, the first portion of the tether being positioned between the second portion of the tether and the third portion of the tether.
 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the prosthetic mitral valve includes a tether attachment member that defines at least a portion of a tether passageway through which the tether is received.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the prosthetic mitral valve and the tether attachment member are monolithically constructed.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the prosthetic mitral valve and the tether attachment member are formed separately.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising coupling the tether attachment member to the prosthetic mitral valve prior to deploying the prosthetic heart valve.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising advancing the tether attachment member along the tether after the prosthetic mitral valve is deployed, and then engaging the tether attachment member to the deployed prosthetic mitral valve.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein deploying the prosthetic mitral valve includes moving the prosthetic mitral valve distally with respect to a delivery sheath, and allowing the prosthetic mitral valve to transition from a collapsed condition to an expanded condition.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein advancing the anchor member through the introducer sheath includes advancing the anchor member through the delivery sheath while the delivery sheath is at least partially received within the introducer sheath.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the prosthetic mitral valve includes an inner frame having prosthetic leaflets coupled thereto, and an outer frame adapted to engage the native mitral valve annulus.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein prior to deploying the prosthetic mitral valve, the prosthetic mitral valve is received within the delivery sheath in an inverted condition in which the outer frame does not radially overlap an inflow end of the inner frame.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein deploying the prosthetic heart valve includes allowing the outer frame to exit the delivery sheath before the inner frame exits the delivery sheath.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising reverting the prosthetic heart valve during deploying the prosthetic heart valve so that the outer frame does radially overlap an inflow end of the inner frame. 